{"id":1738,"date":"2018-09-06T11:20:53","date_gmt":"2018-09-06T18:20:53","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2024-10-10T11:13:32","modified_gmt":"2024-10-10T18:13:32","slug":"developing-a-topological-qubit","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/azure.microsoft.com\/en-us\/blog\/quantum\/2018\/09\/06\/developing-a-topological-qubit\/","title":{"rendered":"Developing a topological qubit"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span class=\"TextRun SCXW234878776\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW234878776\">As quantum technologies advance, we get closer to finding solutions to some of the world\u2019s most challenging problems.\u00a0<\/span><\/span>While this new paradigm holds incredible possibility,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/quantum\/what-is-quantum-computing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">quantum computing<\/a>\u00a0is very much in its infancy. To fully embrace the power and potential of quantum computing,\u00a0the system\u00a0must be engineered to meet the demands of the solutions the world needs most.<\/p>\n<p>The fragile nature of\u00a0qubits\u00a0is well-known as one of the most significant hurdles in quantum computing.\u00a0Even the slightest\u00a0interference can cause qubits to collapse, making the solutions\u00a0we\u2019re pursuing\u00a0impossible to\u00a0identify\u00a0because the computations\u00a0cannot\u00a0be\u00a0completed.<\/p>\n<p>Microsoft is addressing this challenge by developing a\u00a0topological qubit.\u00a0T<span class=\"TextRun SCXW7875177\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW7875177\">opological qubits are protected from noise due to their values existing at two distinct points, making our quantum computer more robust against outside interference.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW7875177\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW7875177\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW7875177\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW7875177\">This increased\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW7875177\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW7875177\">stability\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW7875177\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW7875177\">will\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW7875177\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW7875177\">help the quantum computer scale to\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW7875177\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW7875177\">complete\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW7875177\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW7875177\">longer, more complex computations, bringing the solutions we need within reach.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h2>Topology and quantum computing<\/h2>\n<p><span class=\"TextRun SCXW205241060\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW205241060\">Topology is a branch of mathematics describing structures that experience physical changes such as being bent, twisted, compacted,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW205241060\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW205241060\">or\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW205241060\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW205241060\">stretched, yet still maintain the properties of the original form. When applied to quantum computing, topological properties create a level of protection that helps a qubit retain information despite what\u2019s happening in the environment. The topological qubit achieves this extra protection in two different ways:\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Electron fractionalization.\u00a0<\/b> <span class=\"TextRun SCXW22474431\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW22474431\">By splitting the electron, quantum information is stored in both halves, behaving similarly to data redundancy. If\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW22474431\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW22474431\">one half<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW22474431\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW22474431\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW22474431\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW22474431\">of the electron runs into interference, there is still enough information stored in the other half to allow the computation to continue.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW22474431\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>Ground state degeneracy.\u00a0<\/b><span class=\"TextRun Highlight SCXW143031905\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW143031905\">Topological<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun Highlight SCXW143031905\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW143031905\">\u00a0qubits\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun Highlight SCXW143031905\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW143031905\">are\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun Highlight SCXW143031905\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW143031905\">engineered to have two ground states<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun Highlight SCXW143031905\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW143031905\">\u2014known\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun Highlight SCXW143031905\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW143031905\">as ground state degeneracy<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun Highlight SCXW143031905\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW143031905\">\u2014making them much more resistant to environmental noise<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun Highlight SCXW143031905\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW143031905\">. Normally, achieving this protection isn&#8217;t feasible because there&#8217;s no way to discriminate between the two ground states. However, topological systems can use braiding or measurement to distinguish the difference, allowing them to achieve this additional protection.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-large wp-image-1747\" src=\"https:\/\/azure.microsoft.com\/en-us\/blog\/quantum\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/Developing-a-topological-qubit-featured-image-1024x640.jpg\" alt=\"Two hands holding a computer chip\" width=\"1024\" height=\"640\" \/><\/p>\n<h2>The path to the topological qubit<\/h2>\n<p><span class=\"TextRun SCXW99846360\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW99846360\">Currently years into the development of the topological qubit, the journey began with a single question, &#8220;Could a topological qubit be achieved&#8221;? Working with theory as a starting point, Microsoft brought together mathematicians, computer scientists, physicists, and engineers to explore possible approaches. These experts collaborated, discussed methods, and completed countless equations<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW99846360\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW99846360\">\u00a0to\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW99846360\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW99846360\">take<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW99846360\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW99846360\">\u00a0the first steps on the path toward realizing a topological qubit.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"TextRun SCXW60940557\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW60940557\">Modeling<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW60940557\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW60940557\">\u00a0and experimentation work hand-in-hand\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW60940557\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW60940557\">as\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW60940557\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW60940557\">an ongoing, iterative cycle, guiding the design of the topological qubit. Through<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW60940557\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW60940557\">out<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW60940557\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW60940557\">\u00a0this process, the Microsoft team explored possible materials, ways to apply control structure, and methods to stabilize the topological qubit.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"TextRun SCXW16821096\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW16821096\">A team member proposed the use of a superconductor in conjunction with a strong magnetic field to create a topological phase of matter<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW16821096\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW16821096\">\u2014<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW16821096\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW16821096\">an\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW16821096\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW16821096\">approach that has been adopted to<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW16821096\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW16821096\">ward<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW16821096\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW16821096\">\u00a0realiz<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW16821096\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW16821096\">ing<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW16821096\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW16821096\">\u00a0the topological qubit<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW16821096\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW16821096\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW16821096\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW16821096\">While b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW16821096\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW16821096\">ridging these properties has been long-taught<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW16821096\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW16821096\">,<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW16821096\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW16821096\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW16821096\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW16821096\">it<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW16821096\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW16821096\">\u00a0ha<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW16821096\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW16821096\">d<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW16821096\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW16821096\">\u00a0never been\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW16821096\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW16821096\">done<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW16821096\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW16821096\">\u00a0in such a controlled way<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW16821096\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW16821096\">\u00a0prior to this work<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW16821096\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW16821096\">.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>To create the exact surface layer needed for the qubit, chemical compounds are\u00a0currently\u00a0being\u00a0grown in\u00a0Microsoft\u00a0labs\u00a0using\u00a0a technique\u00a0called\u00a0\u201cselective area growth.\u201d\u00a0Chosen for its atomic-level precision, this unique method can be described as spraying atoms in the exact arrangement needed to achieve the properties required.<\/p>\n<p>The team\u00a0continues\u00a0testing\u00a0functional accuracy through device simulation,\u00a0to ensure that every qubit\u00a0will be\u00a0properly\u00a0tuned, characterized, and validated.<\/p>\n<h2>Bridging fields to advance technology<\/h2>\n<p>Many fields of knowledge\u00a0have\u00a0come together to realize the topological qubit, including mathematics, theoretical physics, solid state physics, materials science, instrumentation and measurement technology, computer science, quantum algorithms, quantum error correction, and software applications development.<\/p>\n<p>Bridging these fields has led to breakthrough techniques across all aspects of realizing a topological qubit, including:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Theory and simulation<\/b><b>\u00a0&#8211;\u00a0<\/b>Turning a vision into reality by creating a rapid design, simulation, and prototyping process<\/li>\n<li><b>Fabrication<\/b><b>\u00a0&#8211;<\/b>\u00a0Pioneering unique fabrication approaches and finding new ways to bridge properties<\/li>\n<li><b>Materials growth<\/b>\u00a0&#8211;\u00a0Developing inventive methods to create materials using special growth techniques to create the exact properties required at nanoscale<\/li>\n<li><b>Measurement and quantum control<\/b><b>\u00a0&#8211;<\/b>\u00a0Tuning devices for accuracy in function and measurement<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>At Microsoft, the development of the topological qubit continues, bringing us closer to scalable quantum computing and finding solutions to some of the world\u2019s most challenging problems.<\/p>\n<p>Follow along on our journey to scalable quantum computing by signing up for the <a style=\"background-color: #ffffff;font-size: 1.4rem\" href=\"https:\/\/info.microsoft.com\/Quantum-Computing-Newsletter-Signup.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Microsoft Quantum newsletter.\u00a0<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Learn what&#8217;s involved in the journey to create a topological qubit, including different stages of development, first-of-their-kind fabrication approaches, and an overview of the many fields of knowledge that come together to make this vision a reality.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1778,"featured_media":1747,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"msxcm_post_with_no_image":false,"ep_exclude_from_search":false,"_classifai_error":"","_classifai_text_to_speech_error":"","footnotes":""},"post_tag":[9,76,48],"product":[],"content-type":[1320],"coauthors":[11],"class_list":["post-1738","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","tag-quantum-computing","tag-qubit","tag-topological-qubit","content-type-news","review-flag-never-1593580312-530","review-flag-new-1593580245-904"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Developing a topological qubit - 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