This blog post was co-authored by David Armour Principal PM Manager, Azure Stack and Tiberiu Radu, Senior Program Manager, Azure Stack.
Foundation of Azure Stack IaaS
Remember back in the virtualization days when you had to pick a host for your virtual machine? Some of my business units could tell by the naming convention the make and manufacturer of the hardware. Using this knowledge, they’d fill up the better gear first, leaving the teams that didn’t know better with the oldest hosts.
Clouds take a different approach. Instead of hosts, VMs are placed into a pool of capacity. The physical infrastructure is abstract. The compute, storage, and networking resources consumed by the VM are defined through software.
Azure Stack is an instance of the Azure cloud that you can run in your own datacenter. Microsoft has taken the experience and technology from running one of the largest clouds in the world to design a solution you can host in your facility. This forms the foundation of Azure Stack’s infrastructure-as-service (IaaS).
Let’s explore some of the characteristics of the Azure Stack infrastructure that allows you to run cloud-native VMs directly in your facility.
Cloud inspired hardware
Microsoft employees can’t just purchase their favorite server and rack it into an Azure datacenter. The only servers that enter an Azure datacenter have been specifically built for Azure. Not only are the servers built for Azure, so are the networking devices, the racks, and the cabling. This extreme standardization allows the Azure team to operate an Azure datacenter with just a handful of employees. Because all the servers are standardized and can be uniformly operated and automated, adding additional capacity to a datacenter doesn’t require hiring more employees to operate them.
Other advantages of standardizing hardware configurations is the standardization leads to expected, repeatable results – not only for Microsoft and Azure, but for its customers. The hardware integration has been validated and is a known recipe. Servers, storage, networking, cabling layout, and more are all well-known and based on these recipes, the ordering, delivery, and integration of new hardware components. Servicing and eventual retirement are repeatable and scalable. The full end-to-end validation of these configurations is done once with quick checks in place when the capacity is delivered and installed.
These principles are applied to Azure Stack solutions as well. The configurations, their capabilities, and validation are all well-known and the result is a repeatable and supportable product. Microsoft, its partners, and most importantly the end customer benefit. While an Azure Stack customer is limited to the defined, partner solutions, they have been built with reasonable flexibility so the customer can choose the specific capabilities or capacities required. Please note, there is one exception – the Azure Stack Development Kit (ASDK) allows you to install Azure Stack on any hardware that meets the hardware requirements. The ASDK is for evaluation purposes and not supported as a production environment.
Learn more:
- Azure Stack Capacity Planner
- Best practices for planning Azure Stack deployment and post-deployment integrations with Azure
Azure Stack hardware partnerships
Microsoft has partnered and co-engineered solutions with a variety of hardware partners or OEMs. The benefit is that Azure Stack can meet you where your existing relationships exist. These relationships may be based on existing hardware purchasing agreements, geographic location, or support capabilities. Keeping in mind the principles of operating a solution in a well-defined manner, Microsoft has set minimum requirements for Azure Stack hardware solutions. Each of our partners can then choose from their portfolio the components, servers, and network switches that best meet your needs. This creates a well-defined variety that continues to be supportable and delivers the overall solution value.
Our current solutions partners are as follows:
Resiliency to failure
One of the principles we have taken from Microsoft’s experience in the enterprise and from Azure is overall solution resilience. The world of software and hardware is not perfect; things fail – cables go bad, software has bugs, power outages occur, and on and on. While we work to build better software and with our solution partners to continually improve, we must expect that things fail. Azure Stack solutions are not perfect, but have been constructed with the intent to overcome the common points of failure. For example, each copy of tenant/user data is stored on three separate storage devices in three separate servers. The physical network paths are redundant and provide better performance and resiliency to potential failure. The internal software of Azure Stack are services that coordinate across multiple instances. This type of end-to-end architectural design and implementation leads to a better end experience. Combining this approach to infrastructure resilience with the well-known and validated solutions approach described above provides for a better experience for the customer.
Learn more:
Hardened by default
When you run your IaaS VMs in Azure Stack you should know they are running on a secure foundation. It turns out that one of the reasons people select Azure Stack is because they have data and/or processes that are either regulated or defined in a contractual agreement. Azure Stack not only gives its owners control of their data and processes, it comes with an infrastructure which is secured by default. In fact, the underlying infrastructure is locked down in a way that neither the owner nor Microsoft can access it. If it ever needs to be accessed because of a support issue, both the owner and Microsoft combine their keys to obtain access to the system and for a limited time.
Azure leads the industry in security compliance, and security compliance is important for Azure Stack as well. In Azure, Microsoft fully manages the technology, people, and processes as well as its compliance responsibilities. Things are different with Azure Stack. While the technology is provided by Microsoft, the people and processes are managed by the operator. To help operators jump-start the certification process, Azure Stack has gone through a set of formal assessments by a third party-independent auditing firm to document how the Azure Stack infrastructure meets the applicable controls from several major compliance standards. The documentation is an assessment of the technology not a certification of Azure Stack due to the standards including several personnel-related and process-related controls, but they help you get started. The technology assessments include the following standards:
- PCI-DSS – Addresses the payment card industry
- CSA Cloud Control Matrix – A comprehensive mapping across multiple standards, including FedRAMP Moderate, ISO27001, HIPAA, HITRUST, ITAR, NIST SP800-53, and others
- FedRAMP High – For government customers
If you face compliance mandates or internal processes that demand that you originate and manage your cloud data encryption keys, and even for Azure Stack, the CipherTrust Cloud Key Manager (CCKM) from Thales works with Azure and Azure Stack “Bring Your Own Key” (BYOK) API’s to enable such key control. CipherTrust Cloud Key Manager creates Azure-compatible keys from a FIPS 140-2 source. You can then can upload, manage, and revoke, if needed, to and from Azure Key Vaults running in Azure Stack or Azure, all from a single pane of glass.
For instance, you could create a salary app on Azure Stack, generate data encryption keys with CipherTrust Cloud Key Manager, and then set a policy to enable use of those keys in the Key Vault on Azure Stack only during the last week of the month when the app is computing the salaries. Among many other benefits, CCKM provides reduced time exposure for the keys, remote backup, a secure location for storing the keys, and the decoupling of management of the keys from the app itself. Not to mention automated key versioning. CCKM supports both Azure Active Directory (AAD) and Active Directory Federation Services (ADFS) deployments.
To download the Azure Stack compliance documentation please see, “Azure Security and Compliance Additional Frameworks.”
Learn more:
- Azure Trust Center
- Azure Stack infrastructure security posture
- Security and compliance in Azure Stack
- Using the privileged endpoint in Azure Stack
Get started by reviewing your options
As noted earlier, Azure Stack is sold as an integrated hardware system, with software pre-installed on the validated hardware. It typically comes in a standard server rack. You choose where your system will be located. You can host it in your data center or perhaps you want to run it in a service provider’s facility.
With the Azure Stack running in your location of choice, you also have a choice of who operates the Azure Stack infrastructure. An Azure Stack operator is responsible for giving access to the Azure Stack, keeping the software and firmware up-to-date, providing the content in the marketplace, monitoring the system health, and diagnosing issues. Azure Stack provides automation, documentation, and training for all of these processes so that someone from your organization can operate Azure Stack. We also provide trained partner experts who can operate your Azure Stack either in their facility or yours.
Here is an overview of your options when you acquire your Azure Stack:
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A system you manage
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A managed service
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Learn more:
Tuning your IaaS VMs for a cloud infrastructure
Once you have your Azure Stack up and running and you begin to plan your first IaaS VM deployments, you need to think about these VMs as cloud deployments, not virtualization deployments. IaaS VMs run best when they take advantage of the cloud infrastructure that they are running on. Many times, the way you tune a VM in your cloud infrastructure will be very different than the way you tuned VMs in your traditional virtualization environment. That said, you can always start with what you already have and improve those solutions through modern operations.
A great example of this is the use of multiple disks to get the needed IOps and throughput required of the application. As is the case in Azure, virtual machines placed in Azure Stack have limits applied for their disk activity. This limits the impact of one VM’s activity on another VM – aka noisy neighbor. While these limits are great for IaaS environments, it may take extra work to deploy workloads that get the appropriate resources needed, and in this example, it is IOps.
For optimization of SQL Server deployments, our documentation provides guidance on how to configure storage to obtain the needed performance. In this case, the approach is to attach multiple disks and stripe them to obtain the capacity and performance. When you use managed disks for your VMs, it allows the system to optimize where the physical data gets stored within your Azure Stack. Moving from virtualization environments to IaaS is reasonably straightforward and has its benefits, but requires a little bit of work on your first deployment. You can always use tools like Azure Monitor and the Virtual Machine solutions to better understand your workloads and gain insights on the performance of your VMs. When your VMs are not answering the performance requirements, you can also use the Azure Performance Diagnostics VM Extension for Windows to troubleshoot and identify potential bottlenecks.
The great thing about IaaS, and specifically Azure Stack, is the ability to easily reuse the deployment templates or artifacts to reduce the work for migration of similar workloads. We will cover this more in a future blog post.
Learn more:
- Create virtual machine disk storage in Azure Stack
- Optimize SQL Performance on Azure Stack
- Azure Managed Disks Overview
- Frequently asked questions about Azure IaaS VM disks
- Considerations for Managed Disks on Azure Stack
Infrastructure purpose built for running cloud-native VMs
Few organizations can claim that they have experience building one the largest cloud infrastructures in the world. When you buy an Azure Stack, you get the benefit of Microsoft’s Azure experience. Microsoft has partnered with the best OEMs to deliver a standardized configuration so that you don’t have to worry about these details. The infrastructure of Azure Stack is purpose-built to get the best for your IaaS VMs – keeping them safe, secure, and performant.
Learn more:
In this blog series
We hope you come back to read future posts in this blog series. Here are some of our passed and upcoming topics: